Renovascular Hypertension (RVH)
Renovascular hypertension
¬Ochronic renal failure¤¤¤Ö¼Æ¥i¥H¦^´_ªºì¦]¤§¤@¡C¦]¬°essential hypertension¤]¥i¯à³y¦¨µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶¡A©Ò¥HRVHn¦³µÇŦ¯Ê¦åªº±¡§Î¥B¥Dn¬O¸g¥Ñrenin-angiotension system¨Ó´£°ª¦åÀ£¡CPathophysiology of renovascular hypertension in animals
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¦~Goldblatt©M¥Lªº¦P¨Æ§¨ºòª¯ªºµÇ°Ê¯ßµo²{¥i¥H²£¥Í«ùÄòªº°ª¦åÀ£¡CµÇŦ¯Ê¦å¥i¥H¸g¥Ñrenin-angiotension system²£¥Íhyperreninemia¡A¦ý¬OhyperreninemiaµLªk«ùÄò¦s¦b¡C©Ò¥HÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¦]¤l¨Óºû«ù°ª¦åÀ£¡A¦ÓRenin-angiotension systemºû«ù°ª¦åÀ£ªº¾÷¨î¦³¤G¡G¦åºÞ¦¬ÁY©M¶uº¢¯d¡C(Figure 41-1)Acute phase
µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶©M¼W¥[
renin©Maldosteroneªº¤Àªc¬Ò·|¤Þ°_¥ß§Y©Êªº¦åÀ£¤W¤É¡C§ÚÌ¥i¥H¥ÎACEI©ÎSaralasin(»Pangiotension IIÄvª§receptor)¨Óª½±µ¼vÅThyperreninemia¦Ó¹w¨¾¦åÀ£ªº¤W¤É¡CChronic phase
¦b´X¤Ñ©Î´X¶g«á¡A¦åÀ£¤´µM«ùÄò¦a¤W¤É¡A¥i¬O
renin©Maldosterone¤w¦^´_¥¿±`È¡C³o®ÉÔ§ÚÌn¦Ò¼{¹ï°¼ªºµÇ¬O¥¿±`¦s¦bªº©ÎªÌ¬O²¾°£ªº¡C(Table 41-1)¡@¡@
Three experimental models of renovascular hypertension
Plasma volume
¥Ñ©ó¶uº¢¯d¦Ó¤É°ª¡A¦ý¬Oplasma renin¬O¦b¥¿±`È¡CYµ¹¤©ACEI©Îsaralasin¦åÀ£´X¥G¨S¦³¤U°¡C(Figure 41-2)¡@¡@
¥æ·P¯«¸g¨t²Îªº¨¤¦â¤]n³Q¦Ò¼{¡A
plasma norepinephrineÈ·|¼W¥[¡C¦pªG¦³¤¤¼Ï§Ü¥æ·P¯«¸g§@¥Îªº¤¶¤J(¦p¦bAV3V°Ïµo¥Ílesions)¡A´N¥i¥H°§C¦åÀ£¡CKatholi©M¦P¨Æ̧Y»{¬°renal afferent nerves¹ïnorepinephrine¦³¤ÏÀ³¡C¦]¬°¥h°£µÇ¯«¸g·|°§C¦åÀ£©Mplasma norepinephrineªºÈ¡C¥t¥~¡A
Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)¤]·|¦³µu¼Èªº¤W¤É¦A¦^´_¨ì±µªñ¥¿±`È¡C¡]½Õ¸`¾÷¨î¡^§CÆQ¶¼¹¦b³oÓ¼Ò«¬¤U¨Ã¤£¯à¹w¨¾°ª¦åÀ£¡A¥Î¸¡½¤³zªR¥h°£¶u¤]¤£¯à°§C¦åÀ£¡Aª`¤J¥Í²z¹ÆQ¤ô¤]µLªk´£°ª¦åÀ£¡C¦ý¬O
ACEI©Îsaralasin«o¥i¥H©úÅã°§C¦åÀ£¡A³o·N¿×µÛ¦btwo-kidney hypertension¤¤¦³·¥¤jªºrenin dependency¡C²³æªº²z¥Ñ¬O¹ï°¼µÇ¤´¥i¥¿±`¦a¤Àªc¶u¦ÓÁקK¶uº¢¯d¡C(Figure 41-3)¡@¡@
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plasma renin activity(PRA)·|¤W¤É¡C³Q§¨ºòªºµÇrenin·|¤É°ª¡A¦ý¬O¹ï°¼µÇ¬Û¹ï¦Ó¨¥renin¬O¸û¤Öªº¡CANP
¹ï´î¤Ö¦åÀ£ªº®ÄªG«h¦bone-kidney model¤ñtwo-kidney model¤¤ÅãµÛ¡C¦Ü©ó¥æ·P¯«¸g¨t²Î¹ïtwo-kidney model«h¤£¬O§êºt¤@Ó¥Dnªº¨¤¦â¡CYamaski
¥ý§¨ºò¤@°¼µÇªºµÇ°Ê¯ß¡A²£¥Ítwo-kidney, one-clip model¡F¨â¶g«á¦A§¨ºò¹ï°¼µÇ¡C¥i¥Hµo²{¥»¨Ó¬O¦åÀ£©MPRA¤@¦P¼W¥[¡A«á¨Ó«h¬O¦åÀ£¼W¥[¡APRAªð¦^¥¿±`È¡CY¦A²¾°£¤@°¼µÇ¡A«h¦åÀ£§ó¶i¤@¨B¦a¤W¤É¡C¨ä¥L¬ã¨sÅã¥Ütwo-kidney, two-clip®É¡Aperipheral resistance¼W¥[¤F¡F¦ý¬Oone-kidney, one-clip®É¡Acardiac output¤]¼W¥[¤F¡C¡]BP=CO*PR¡^¡@
Pathophysiology of renovascular hypertension in humans
Role of the renin-angiotension system
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renovascular hypertensionªº¯f¤H¤¤¡G¡]1¡^PRA³q±`¬O¥¿±`©Î¸û°ªªº¡F¡]2¡^¬Y¤@µÇ¦p¥Îballoon-tipped catheter¸m©óµÇ°Ê¯ßµM«á¥R®ð·|°ª«×¤Àªcrenin¡A¬Û¹ï¥t¤@µÇ«h·|¨ü¨ì§í¨î¡C¡]3¡^Y¶È³æ°¼µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶¡A²¾°£¦¬ÁY©Î¨Ï¥ÎACEI³q±`¥i¥HÅý¦åÀ£¦^´_¨ì¥¿±`È¡C·í¤@Ó
renovascular hypertension(RVH)¯f¤HªºRenin¬O¥¿±`ªº¡A«h¥Lªºplasma volume·|°ª©óessential hypertension(EH)¡F¥t¤@¤è±¡A·í¤@ÓRVH¯f¤HªºRenin¬O¸û°ªªº¡A¥Lªºplasma volume«h¬O¥¿±`ªº¡C(Figure 41-4)¡@
Pathophysiologic differences between unilateral and bilateral stenosis
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two-kidney, one-clip model¬O¬Û¦üªº¡C¦Óbilateral renovascular hypertensionªº¯f¤H«hrenin©Mvolume¬Ò§êºt¤@©wªº¨¤¦â¡C(table 41-2)Figure 41-5
Åã¥Üunilateral©Mbilateralªº¬Û¦ü©Ê¡COcclusion¤ñstenosis§ó¯à¬Û¹ï¼W¥[renal vein renins¡C¦Óischemic kidney«h·|³y¦¨renal vein reninsªºÅãµÛ¤W¤É¡C(I, most ischemic kidney; C, contralateral kidney
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bilateral renal stenosisªº°ª¦åÀ£®É¡Aµo²{azotemiaªº±¡§Î¤Ï¦Ó§ó¥[ÄY«¡F·í§ÚÌ¥Îrenal angioplasty«á¡AµÇ¥\¯à¤~Àò±o¯u¥¿§ïµ½¡C(Figure 41-6)¡@
Role of other hormonal factors
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RVHªº¯f¤H¦³»´·L¨ì¤¤«×ªºsecondary hyperaldosteronism.¦Óhyperaldosteronismªºµ{«×«h©Mvolume status¦³Ãö¡C¥t¥~¡A¥æ·P¯«¸g¨t²Î«h¹ïµu´Á¦åÀ£¤É°ª¦³©Ò¼vÅT¡C¡@
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Clinical features of renovascular hypertension
Prevalence
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(5%)¤@¼ËÆZ°ªªº¡A¦ý¬O·|§e²{§ó¥[ÄY«ªº°ª¦åÀ£¡CClinical signs and symptoms
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fibromuscular disease¬O³Ì±`¨£ªºì¦]¡A¦ý¬O¦b¶Â¤Hµo¥Íªº¾÷²v¬Û¹ï¦a¤Ö¨£¡C®a±Ú¥v¨S¦³EH¨º»ò«n¡A¦ý¬O¥iµo²{¦³®a±Ú©Êªºfibromuscular dysplasia¡C¦b
PE¤è±¡A¡@¤j¬ù¦³40%ªº¯f¤H¦³abdominal bruits¡A¨Ã¥B³q±`¦ñÀH¦³µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶¡C¦¹¥~¡A
retinopathy¤]¬O¯S§O±`¨£ªº¡CSmoking¤]¬ORVHªº¼ç¦b¦]¤l¡C¬ã¨s³ø§i«ü¥X¡A¦batheromatous renal artery stenosisªº¯f¤H¡A©â·ÏªÌ¥e88%¡A»·°ª©ó¤@¯ë°ª¦åÀ£ªº42%¡CPulmonary edema in renovascular hypertension
Pulmonary edema
¸û±`¨£©óbilateral RVH¡A¦ý¬OPulmonary edema©M°ª¦åÀ£ªºÄY««×©ÎµÇ°IºÜªºµ{«×¨ÃµL¤@©wªº¬ÛÃö©Ê¡C¡@¡@
Laboratory investigations
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RVHªº¯f¤H¡A®Ú¾Ú¬ã¨s¡A¬ù¦³15%ªº¯f¤H¦å¹[§C©ó3.4mEq/L¡C³o¬O¦]¬°ÄY«ªº°ª¦åÀ£³y¦¨hyperreninemia¨ë¿Eangiotensin©Maldosterone²£¥Íªºµ²ªG¡CU/A
¥i¥Hµo²{»´·Lªºbacteriuria©Mproteinuria¡CProteinuria¥i¥H¸g¥Ñsurgery©Îangioplasty¨Ó¦^´_¨ì¥¿±`¡C¡@
Diagnosis of renovascular hypertension
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peripheral plasma renin activity, captopril test, intravenous pyelogram(IVP), digital subtraction angiography(DSA), Renal scans, captopril renography, exercise renography, ultrasound scans, arteriographyµ¥¤èªk¡C(table 41-6)¨ä¤¤¥H
captopril test±Ó·P«×»P±M¤@©Ê³Ì°ª¡A¥¦¬O¥Îcaptopril¨Ó»¤µoplasma renin activityªº²£¥Í¡C¥i¥H¬Ý¨ìRVH¯f¤H¥Îcaptopril¿Eµo«áPRA©úÅã¼W¥[¡F¦ÓEH«hµL¡C(figure 41-7)¡@
Criteria for a positive Captopril test result
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Treatment of renovascular hypertension
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