Renovascular Hypertension (RVH)

Renovascular hypertension¬Ochronic renal failure¤¤¤Ö¼Æ¥i¥H¦^´_ªº­ì¦]¤§¤@¡C¦]¬°essential hypertension¤]¥i¯à³y¦¨µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶¡A©Ò¥HRVH­n¦³µÇŦ¯Ê¦åªº±¡§Î¥B¥D­n¬O¸g¥Ñrenin-angiotension system¨Ó´£°ª¦åÀ£¡C

Pathophysiology of renovascular hypertension in animals

1934¦~Goldblatt©M¥Lªº¦P¨Æ§¨ºòª¯ªºµÇ°Ê¯ßµo²{¥i¥H²£¥Í«ùÄòªº°ª¦åÀ£¡CµÇŦ¯Ê¦å¥i¥H¸g¥Ñrenin-angiotension system²£¥Íhyperreninemia¡A¦ý¬OhyperreninemiaµLªk«ùÄò¦s¦b¡C©Ò¥HÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¦]¤l¨Óºû«ù°ª¦åÀ£¡A¦ÓRenin-angiotension systemºû«ù°ª¦åÀ£ªº¾÷¨î¦³¤G¡G¦åºÞ¦¬ÁY©M¶uº¢¯d¡C(Figure 41-1)

Acute phase

µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶©M¼W¥[renin©Maldosteroneªº¤Àªc¬Ò·|¤Þ°_¥ß§Y©Êªº¦åÀ£¤W¤É¡C§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¥ÎACEI©ÎSaralasin(»Pangiotension IIÄvª§receptor)¨Óª½±µ¼vÅThyperreninemia¦Ó¹w¨¾¦åÀ£ªº¤W¤É¡C

Chronic phase

¦b´X¤Ñ©Î´X¶g«á¡A¦åÀ£¤´µM«ùÄò¦a¤W¤É¡A¥i¬Orenin©Maldosterone¤w¦^´_¥¿±`­È¡C³o®É­Ô§Ú­Ì­n¦Ò¼{¹ï°¼ªºµÇ¬O¥¿±`¦s¦bªº©ÎªÌ¬O²¾°£ªº¡C(Table 41-1)

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Three experimental models of renovascular hypertension

Plasma volume¥Ñ©ó¶uº¢¯d¦Ó¤É°ª¡A¦ý¬Oplasma renin¬O¦b¥¿±`­È¡C­Yµ¹¤©ACEI©Îsaralasin¦åÀ£´X¥G¨S¦³¤U­°¡C(Figure 41-2)

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¥æ·P¯«¸g¨t²Îªº¨¤¦â¤]­n³Q¦Ò¼{¡Aplasma norepinephrine­È·|¼W¥[¡C¦pªG¦³¤¤¼Ï§Ü¥æ·P¯«¸g§@¥Îªº¤¶¤J(¦p¦bAV3V°Ïµo¥Ílesions)¡A´N¥i¥H­°§C¦åÀ£¡CKatholi©M¦P¨Æ­Ì§Y»{¬°renal afferent nerves¹ïnorepinephrine¦³¤ÏÀ³¡C¦]¬°¥h°£µÇ¯«¸g·|­°§C¦åÀ£©Mplasma norepinephrineªº­È¡C

¥t¥~¡AAtrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)¤]·|¦³µu¼Èªº¤W¤É¦A¦^´_¨ì±µªñ¥¿±`­È¡C¡]½Õ¸`¾÷¨î¡^

§CÆQ¶¼­¹¦b³o­Ó¼Ò«¬¤U¨Ã¤£¯à¹w¨¾°ª¦åÀ£¡A¥Î¸¡½¤³zªR¥h°£¶u¤]¤£¯à­°§C¦åÀ£¡Aª`¤J¥Í²z­¹ÆQ¤ô¤]µLªk´£°ª¦åÀ£¡C¦ý¬OACEI©Îsaralasin«o¥i¥H©úÅã­°§C¦åÀ£¡A³o·N¿×µÛ¦btwo-kidney hypertension¤¤¦³·¥¤jªºrenin dependency¡C²³æªº²z¥Ñ¬O¹ï°¼µÇ¤´¥i¥¿±`¦a¤Àªc¶u¦ÓÁקK¶uº¢¯d¡C(Figure 41-3)

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·íµÇ°Ê¯ß³Q§¨ºò«á¡A©PÃäplasma renin activity(PRA)·|¤W¤É¡C³Q§¨ºòªºµÇrenin·|¤É°ª¡A¦ý¬O¹ï°¼µÇ¬Û¹ï¦Ó¨¥renin¬O¸û¤Öªº¡C

ANP¹ï´î¤Ö¦åÀ£ªº®ÄªG«h¦bone-kidney model¤ñtwo-kidney model¤¤ÅãµÛ¡C¦Ü©ó¥æ·P¯«¸g¨t²Î¹ïtwo-kidney model«h¤£¬O§êºt¤@­Ó¥D­nªº¨¤¦â¡C

Yamaski¥ý§¨ºò¤@°¼µÇªºµÇ°Ê¯ß¡A²£¥Ítwo-kidney, one-clip model¡F¨â¶g«á¦A§¨ºò¹ï°¼µÇ¡C¥i¥Hµo²{¥»¨Ó¬O¦åÀ£©MPRA¤@¦P¼W¥[¡A«á¨Ó«h¬O¦åÀ£¼W¥[¡APRAªð¦^¥¿±`­È¡C­Y¦A²¾°£¤@°¼µÇ¡A«h¦åÀ£§ó¶i¤@¨B¦a¤W¤É¡C¨ä¥L¬ã¨sÅã¥Ütwo-kidney, two-clip®É¡Aperipheral resistance¼W¥[¤F¡F¦ý¬Oone-kidney, one-clip®É¡Acardiac output¤]¼W¥[¤F¡C¡]BP=CO*PR¡^

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Pathophysiology of renovascular hypertension in humans

Role of the renin-angiotension system

¦brenovascular hypertensionªº¯f¤H¤¤¡G¡]1¡^PRA³q±`¬O¥¿±`©Î¸û°ªªº¡F¡]2¡^¬Y¤@µÇ¦p¥Îballoon-tipped catheter¸m©óµÇ°Ê¯ßµM«á¥R®ð·|°ª«×¤Àªcrenin¡A¬Û¹ï¥t¤@µÇ«h·|¨ü¨ì§í¨î¡C¡]3¡^­Y¶È³æ°¼µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶¡A²¾°£¦¬ÁY©Î¨Ï¥ÎACEI³q±`¥i¥HÅý¦åÀ£¦^´_¨ì¥¿±`­È¡C

·í¤@­Órenovascular hypertension(RVH)¯f¤HªºRenin¬O¥¿±`ªº¡A«h¥Lªºplasma volume·|°ª©óessential hypertension(EH)¡F¥t¤@¤è­±¡A·í¤@­ÓRVH¯f¤HªºRenin¬O¸û°ªªº¡A¥Lªºplasma volume«h¬O¥¿±`ªº¡C(Figure 41-4)

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Pathophysiologic differences between unilateral and bilateral stenosis

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¡@¡@³æ°¼µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶©Mtwo-kidney, one-clip model¬O¬Û¦üªº¡C¦Óbilateral renovascular hypertensionªº¯f¤H«hrenin©Mvolume¬Ò§êºt¤@©wªº¨¤¦â¡C(table 41-2)

Figure 41-5Åã¥Üunilateral©Mbilateralªº¬Û¦ü©Ê¡COcclusion¤ñstenosis§ó¯à¬Û¹ï¼W¥[renal vein renins¡C¦Óischemic kidney«h·|³y¦¨renal vein reninsªºÅãµÛ¤W¤É¡C

(I, most ischemic kidney; C, contralateral kidney¡^

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·í§Ú­Ì¥Î§Q§¿¾¯¥hªvÀøbilateral renal stenosisªº°ª¦åÀ£®É¡Aµo²{azotemiaªº±¡§Î¤Ï¦Ó§ó¥[ÄY­«¡F·í§Ú­Ì¥Îrenal angioplasty«á¡AµÇ¥\¯à¤~Àò±o¯u¥¿§ïµ½¡C(Figure 41-6)

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Role of other hormonal factors

³\¦hRVHªº¯f¤H¦³»´·L¨ì¤¤«×ªºsecondary hyperaldosteronism.¦Óhyperaldosteronismªºµ{«×«h©Mvolume status¦³Ãö¡C¥t¥~¡A¥æ·P¯«¸g¨t²Î«h¹ïµu´Á¦åÀ£¤É°ª¦³©Ò¼vÅT¡C

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Clinical features of renovascular hypertension

Prevalence

µo¥Í²v¥i¯à¤]©M¤@¯ë°ª¦åÀ£(5%)¤@¼ËÆZ°ªªº¡A¦ý¬O·|§e²{§ó¥[ÄY­«ªº°ª¦åÀ£¡C

Clinical signs and symptoms

¦b¸û¦~»´ªº¯f¤H¡A¯S§O¬O¤k©Ê¡Afibromuscular disease¬O³Ì±`¨£ªº­ì¦]¡A¦ý¬O¦b¶Â¤Hµo¥Íªº¾÷²v¬Û¹ï¦a¤Ö¨£¡C®a±Ú¥v¨S¦³EH¨º»ò­«­n¡A¦ý¬O¥iµo²{¦³®a±Ú©Êªºfibromuscular dysplasia¡C

¦bPE¤è­±¡A¡@¤j¬ù¦³40%ªº¯f¤H¦³abdominal bruits¡A¨Ã¥B³q±`¦ñÀH¦³µÇ°Ê¯ß¯U¯¶¡C

¦¹¥~¡Aretinopathy¤]¬O¯S§O±`¨£ªº¡CSmoking¤]¬ORVHªº¼ç¦b¦]¤l¡C¬ã¨s³ø§i«ü¥X¡A¦batheromatous renal artery stenosisªº¯f¤H¡A©â·ÏªÌ¥e88%¡A»·°ª©ó¤@¯ë°ª¦åÀ£ªº42%¡C

Pulmonary edema in renovascular hypertension

Pulmonary edema¸û±`¨£©óbilateral RVH¡A¦ý¬OPulmonary edema©M°ª¦åÀ£ªºÄY­««×©ÎµÇ°IºÜªºµ{«×¨ÃµL¤@©wªº¬ÛÃö©Ê¡C

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Laboratory investigations

§C¦å¹[¤]¥i¯àµo¥Í¦bRVHªº¯f¤H¡A®Ú¾Ú¬ã¨s¡A¬ù¦³15%ªº¯f¤H¦å¹[§C©ó3.4mEq/L¡C³o¬O¦]¬°ÄY­«ªº°ª¦åÀ£³y¦¨hyperreninemia¨ë¿Eangiotensin©Maldosterone²£¥Íªºµ²ªG¡C

U/A¥i¥Hµo²{»´·Lªºbacteriuria©Mproteinuria¡CProteinuria¥i¥H¸g¥Ñsurgery©Îangioplasty¨Ó¦^´_¨ì¥¿±`¡C

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Diagnosis of renovascular hypertension

¦³peripheral plasma renin activity, captopril test, intravenous pyelogram(IVP), digital subtraction angiography(DSA), Renal scans, captopril renography, exercise renography, ultrasound scans, arteriographyµ¥¤èªk¡C(table 41-6)

¨ä¤¤¥Hcaptopril test±Ó·P«×»P±M¤@©Ê³Ì°ª¡A¥¦¬O¥Îcaptopril¨Ó»¤µoplasma renin activityªº²£¥Í¡C¥i¥H¬Ý¨ìRVH¯f¤H¥Îcaptopril¿Eµo«áPRA©úÅã¼W¥[¡F¦ÓEH«hµL¡C(figure 41-7)

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Criteria for a positive Captopril test result

  1. stimulated PRA of 12 ng/ml/hr
  2. absolute increase in PRA of 10 ng/ml/hr or more
  3. percentage increase in PRA of 150% or more, or of 400% if baseline PRA is below 3 ng/ml/hr

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Treatment of renovascular hypertension

  1. renal angioplasty
  2. ¥Îangioplasty¥hÀ£atheromatous lesionsªºplaque.

  3. Surgery
  4. medical management

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